Performance investigation of LAMBDA and bootstrapping methods for PPP narrow-lane ambiguity resolution

Precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) is a powerful tool for geodetic and time-constrained applications that require high precision. The performance of PPP-AR highly depends on the reliability correct integer carrier-phase estimation. In this study, narrow-lane PPP using Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation (LAMBDA) bootstrapping methods extensively investigated real data from 55 IGS stations over one-month in 2020. Static 24-, 12-, 8-, 4-, 2-, 1- ½-h sessions two different cutoff angles (7° 30°) was conducted three modes: i.e. ambiguity-float kinds ambiguity-fixed LAMBDA AR, respectively. results show method can produce more reliable 2 hour shorter observation compared 7° angle. For 30° angle, outperforms 4 h less. long times, produced much accurate coordinates without considering wrong fixes cases. also occurrences fixing ambiguities are higher than method.